Kashmir, often referred to as the “Crown of India,” has played a significant role in the military history of the Indian subcontinent. The region has a long and storied past of warriors, generals and soldiers who have shaped the destiny of various kingdoms, empires and modern military forces. From the ancient rulers who defended their land against invaders to the brave soldiers of the Indian armed forces today, Kashmiris have left an indelible mark on India’s military heritage. Their contributions span ancient and medieval periods to the colonial era and post-independence conflicts, highlighting their courage, resilience and strategic importance.

Kashmir’s military history dates back to its early kingdoms where rulers maintained well-trained armies to protect their territory from foreign invasions. The Rajatarangini, a 12th-century historical chronicle by Kalhana, provides detailed accounts of the military exploits of Kashmiri kings. The region’s strategic location made it vulnerable to invasions from the north and west, requiring strong military leadership. One of the earliest recorded rulers, Gonanda I, is believed to have participated in the Mahabharata war. Later, King Lalitaditya Muktapida of the Karkota dynasty 8th century CE expanded Kashmiri rule into parts of Central Asia, Afghanistan and northern India. His military campaigns showcased the strength and discipline of Kashmiri forces who used advanced warfare tactics for their time. The kings of Kashmir maintained cavalry, war elephants and archers, demonstrating an early understanding of military strategy. They also built fortifications such as the Martand Sun Temple and Hari Parbat Fort which served as military outposts.

During the medieval period, Kashmir saw conflicts between Hindu and Muslim rulers and external invasions. The Shah Mir dynasty established Muslim rule in the 14th century and relied on military strength to consolidate power. Later, the Chak rulers 16th century resisted the Mughal invasion for many years before Emperor Akbar eventually annexed the region in 1586. The Mughals and later the Afghans ruled Kashmir with military garrisons to maintain control. However, Kashmiri resistance fighters continuously challenged foreign rule, demonstrating their fighting spirit. Durgadas Rathore, a Rajput warrior is said to have sought refuge in Kashmir while fighting against Aurangzeb, showing the region’s strategic significance.

In the 19th century, Kashmir became part of the Dogra kingdom under the rule of Maharaja Gulab Singh. The Dogras, known for their martial tradition, were crucial in expanding the kingdom’s boundaries.   Maharaja Gulab Singh’s generals such as Zorawar Singh, led daring campaigns into Ladakh and Tibet, extending Dogra rule into challenging mountainous regions. Zorawar Singh, often called the “Napoleon of India,” led some of history’s most daring high-altitude military campaigns. His army, composed mainly of Dogra and Kashmiri soldiers, demonstrated remarkable endurance in harsh conditions. His battles in Tibet and against Chinese forces remain legendary.

During British colonial rule, many Kashmiris, particularly from the Jammu and Kashmir region, served in the British Indian Army. The Jammu and Kashmir Rifles and Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry trace their origins to this period. Kashmiri soldiers fought in World Wars I and II, serving in various regiments across different battlefronts. During World War II, Kashmiri soldiers participated in major conflicts such as the Burma campaign, the North African Campaign and the European theatre. Their contribution was vital in supporting the British war effort and many earned gallantry awards for their bravery.

One of the most defining moments in Kashmiri military history came during the First Indo-Pak War 1947-48. After India’s independence, Pakistan-backed tribal invaders attacked Kashmir, aiming to seize the region. The Indian Army, supported by local Kashmiri fighters and militias, launched a counteroffensive to push back the invaders. Brigadier Rajinder Singh, known as the “Saviour of Kashmir,” was crucial in delaying the advancing forces, allowing India to send reinforcements. His sacrifice is remembered as one of the most heroic acts in Indian military history. Maqbool Sherwani, a Kashmiri nationalist, misled the invading forces, buying time for Indian troops before being captured and executed by the invaders. His bravery is still celebrated in Kashmir. The war ended with a ceasefire but it led to the division of Kashmir with Pakistan occupying parts of the region.

Kashmiris have played an active role in all major wars fought by India, including the 1965, 1971, and Kargil Wars. 1965 War Kashmiri soldiers fought bravely to defend their homeland. The Jammu and Kashmir Rifles played a crucial role in repelling Pakistani forces. 1971 War Kashmiri soldiers participated in the liberation of Bangladesh, earning accolades for their valour. Kargil War The Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry was at the forefront of the Kargil conflict, recapturing crucial peaks from Pakistani intruders. Posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, Captain Vikram Batra played a decisive role in the battle his famous words, “Yeh dil maange more,” symbolised Indian military bravery.

Today, Kashmiri youth continue to serve in the Indian Army, paramilitary forces and police. The Indian Army’s Sadbhavana initiative has helped recruit and train Kashmiri youth, giving them opportunities to serve their nation. Many Kashmiri soldiers have received gallantry awards for their bravery in counter-insurgency operations and border defence.

The Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry, composed mainly of Kashmiri soldiers has earned a distinguished reputation. It has played a key role in anti-terrorist operations and border security. Many Kashmiri soldiers have made the ultimate sacrifice in defending the nation from internal and external threats.

The role of Kashmiris in Indian military history is one of courage, sacrifice and resilience. From ancient warriors and medieval defenders to modern soldiers fighting on the frontlines, Kashmiris have consistently contributed to India’s defence. Whether in the battles of history or the wars of today, Kashmiri soldiers have upheld the values of bravery and patriotism. Despite political challenges, Kashmiri soldiers’ commitment to national security remains unwavering. Their legacy inspires future generations, reminding us of Kashmir’s proud military heritage and enduring spirit of valour.